This chapter starts with the story of Harappa. Then, it describes the houses, drains and streets of Harappa. It further explains the Harappan city, new crafts, raw material and food for the people in the city. In the end, the chapter describes the Harappan towns in Gujarat and the mystery that led to the end of Harappan civilization.CBSE Notes Class 6 History Chapter 3 In the Earliest Cities

CBSE Notes Class 6 History Chapter 3 In the Earliest Cities

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  • Life in the City:

Harappa was a busy place. Rulers planned buildings, traders travelled to distant places to procure raw materials and scribes prepared exotic seals.

  • The Story of Harappa:

The cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation are known as the Harappan cities. Rediscovered in the 1920s after excavations in Sindh and Punjab in present-day Pakistan, these cities flourished since 3300 BC.

The layout of the Cities:

  • The Harappan cities were divided into two parts: the citadel and the lower town. Walls were fortified with bricks in interlocking patterns.
  • Streets were laid out straight and cut each other at right angles.
  • Drains ran parallel to each other and had covered.
  • The citadel was located at a higher level and had special buildings.
  • The Great Bath in Mohenjodaro was a tank used for bathing rituals.
  • Kalibangan and Lothal had fire altars where sacrifices may have been performed.
  • The lower town was the residential area where houses were one or two storeys high and built around a corridor.

About eighty years ago, remains of the site of a very old city called Harappa were found in present-day Pakistan. The city is supposed to be about 4700 years old. More such cities were also discovered.

  • These cities were usually divided into two or more parts. The part to the west was smaller but higher and the part to the east was larger but lower. The first part has been called citadel and the second part, the lower town.
  • The bricks used were so well made that they have survived thousands of years. The pattern of their use made walls strong.
  • A special tank, called the great bath, has been found in the city of Mohenjodaro. Some cities had fire altars and storehouses.
CBSE Notes Class 6 History Chapter 3 In the Earliest Cities

Houses were 1- or 2-stories high. Wells supplied water. Cities had covered drains.

Houses, drains and streets were planned and built at the same time.

  • Harappan city was a very busy place Rulers planned the construction of special buildings. Scribes helped prepare seals.
  • Crafts-persons made all kinds of Things Archaeologists have found things made of stone, shell and metal in addition to beads, weights and blades. Seals and pots with wonderful designs were also made. Cloth has also been found.
  • The Harapparts got raw materials locally or from other places like Rajasthan, Oman, Iran etc.
  • They grew wheat, barley, pulses, peas, nee, sesame, linseed and mustard. A tool called plough was used to dig the earth Irrigation was also employed. Animals were reared by the Harappans.
  • In Dholavira in present-day Gujarat, a large open area for ceremonies, and stones with engravings in Harappan script have been discovered.
  • A storehouse has been found in the city of Lothal.
  • However, there was a major change 3000 years ago and much of the Harappan cities perished. It may have been because of o- cams drying up, or deforestation, or several other reasons (see Flow-Learning 4).
  • Bronze: The alloy of tin and copper is called bronze.
  • Citadel: The part to the west of most cities was small but high in comparison to the eastern part. This part is called the citadel.
  • Crafts-Persons: Men and women who made all kinds of things-either in their own homes or in special workshops were the crafts-persons.
  • Lower Town: The eastern part of the cities is referred to as the lower town.
  • Plough: A new tool in the Harappan cities which was used to dig the earth for turning soil and planting seeds was the plough.
  • Raw materials: Substances that are either found naturally or produced by farmers/ herders are called raw materials: Raw materials are used to manufacture other materials.
  • Rulers: People who planned the construction of special buildings in the city were the rulers.
  • Scribes: People who knew how to write were the scribes.
  • Around 2700 BC, i.e. 4700 years ago: Beginning of cities.
  • Around 1900 BC, i.e. 3900 years ago: Beginning of the end of these cities.
  • Around 500 BC, i.e. around 2500 years ago: Beginning of newer cities.

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CBSE Notes for Class 6 Geography Free Download for All Chapters

Download PDF of NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Geography

Chapter NameCBSE Class 6 Geography Study NotesNCERT Solutions Download Class 6
The Earth in the Solar SystemThe Earth in the Solar System Class 6 Notes Geography Chapter 1NCERT Solutions The Earth in the Solar System Chapter 1
Globe: Latitudes and LongitudesGlobe: Latitudes and Longitudes Class 6 Notes Geography Chapter 2NCERT Solutions Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes Chapter 2
Motions of the EarthMotions of the Earth Class 6 Notes Geography Chapter 3NCERT Solutions Motions of the Earth Chapter 3
MapsMaps Class 6 Notes Geography Chapter 4NCERT Solutions Maps Chapter 4
Major Domains of the EarthMajor Domains of the Earth Class 6 Notes Geography Chapter 5NCERT Solutions Major Domains of the Earth Chapter 5
Major Landforms of the EarthMajor Landforms of the Earth Class 6 Notes Geography Chapter 6NCERT Solutions Major Landforms of the Earth Chapter 6
Our Country – IndiaOur Country – India Class 6 Notes Geography Chapter 7NCERT Solutions Our Country – India Chapter 7
India: Climate, Vegetation and WildlifeIndia: Climate, Vegetation and Wildlife Class 6 Notes Geography Chapter 8NCERT Solutions India: Climate, Vegetation and Wildlife Chapter 8

CBSE Notes for Class 6 History Free Download for All Chapters

Download PDF of NCERT Solutions for Class 6 History

Chapter NameCBSE Class 6 History Study NotesNCERT Solutions Download Class 6
What, Where, How And When?What, Where, How And When? Class 6 Notes History Chapter 1NCERT Solutions What, Where, How And When? Chapter 1
From Gathering To Growing FoodFrom Gathering To Growing Food Class 6 Notes History Chapter 2NCERT Solutions From Gathering To Growing Food Chapter 2
In The Earliest CitiesIn The Earliest Cities Class 6 Notes History Chapter 3NCERT Solutions In The Earliest Cities Chapter 3
What Books And Burials Tell UsWhat Books And Burials Tell Us Class 6 Notes History Chapter 4NCERT Solutions What Books And Burials Tell Us Chapter 4
Kingdoms, Kings And An Early RepublicKingdoms, Kings And An Early Republic Class 6 Notes History Chapter 5NCERT Solutions Kingdoms, Kings And An Early Republic Chapter 5
New Questions And IdeasNew Questions And Ideas Class 6 Notes History Chapter 6NCERT Solutions New Questions And Ideas Chapter 6
Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up WarAshoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War Class 6 Notes History Chapter 7NCERT Solutions Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War Chapter 7
Vital Villages, Thriving TownsVital Villages, Thriving Towns Class 6 Notes History Chapter 8NCERT Solutions Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Chapter 8
Traders, Kings And PilgrimsTraders, Kings And Pilgrims Class 6 Notes History Chapter 9NCERT Solutions Traders, Kings And Pilgrims Chapter 9
New Empires And KingdomsNew Empires And Kingdoms Class 6 Notes History Chapter 10NCERT Solutions New Empires And Kingdoms Chapter 10
Buildings, Paintings And BooksBuildings, Paintings And Books Class 6 Notes History Chapter 11NCERT Solutions Buildings, Paintings And Books Chapter 11
   

CBSE Notes for Class 6 Civics Free Download for All Chapters

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Chapter NameCBSE Class 6 Civics Study NotesNCERT Solutions Download Class 6
Understanding DiversityUnderstanding Diversity Class 6 Notes Civics Chapter 1NCERT Solutions Understanding Diversity Chapter 1
Diversity and DiscriminationDiversity and Discrimination Class 6 Notes Civics Chapter 2NCERT Solutions Diversity and Discrimination Chapter 2
What is Government?What is Government? Class 6 Notes Civics Chapter 3NCERT Solutions What is Government? Chapter 3
Key Elements of a Democratic GovernmentKey Elements of a Democratic Government Class 6 Notes Civics Chapter 4NCERT Solutions Key Elements of a Democratic Government Chapter 4
Panchayati RajPanchayati Raj Class 6 Notes Civics Chapter 5NCERT Solutions Panchayati Raj Chapter 5
Rural AdministrationRural Administration Class 6 Notes Civics Chapter 6NCERT Solutions Rural Administration Chapter 6
Urban AdministrationUrban Administration Class 6 Notes Civics Chapter 7NCERT Solutions Urban Administration Chapter 7
Rural LivelihoodsRural Livelihoods Class 6 Notes Civics Chapter 8NCERT Solutions Rural Livelihoods Chapter 8
Urban LivelihoodsUrban Livelihoods Class 6 Notes Civics Chapter 9NCERT Solutions Urban Livelihoods Chapter 9

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